Littera Scripta
type: channel
description: Littera Scripta. Revista de Filosofía es una publicación afiliada al Departamento de Humanidades de la Universidad Andrés Bello, Chile, cuya fundación fue el año 2020. El propósito de nuestra publicación es, fundamentalmente, contribuir en la apertura de nuevos espacios de divulgación académica tanto nacional como internacional que permitan promover y consolidar las investigaciones de académicas(os) e investigadoras(es) de filosofía.
publisher: Universidad Andrés Bello. Facultad de Educación y Ciencias Sociales. Departamente de Humanidades
language: en
publication name: Littera Scripta
issn: 2735-6140
items: Ciencia y filosofía: una relación de amor–odio
items: De una novela a otra. Denis de Rougemont y René Girard
items: Interview with Natalia Sabater: Ethics, Imagination, and Happiness in Spinoza
items: On the Concept of Truth in the Young Heidegger: a Reorientation toward Factic Life (faktisches Leben)
items: From Democracy to Infocracy: Consequences of Information Capitalism from the Perspective of Byung-Chul Han
items: Ryle’s Unfair Criticism of Collingwood’s Notion of Understanding
items: Pain, Suicide, and the Understanding of Suffering: a Philosophical-Psychological Reading of Takopi no Genzai (Takopi’s Original Sin)
items: Between Indifference and Spontaneity. Brief Reflection on the Relationship between Knowledge and Freedom in the Cartesian Theory of Error
items: The Role of the State in Adela Cortina’s Social Liberalism: a Libertarian Critique of the State of Justice
items: Ursula K. Le Guin. El nombre del mundo es bosque. Traducido por Matilde Horne. Minotauro, 2023. ISBN: 978-84-450-1457-8
items: Counterpart Theory and Quantified Modal Logic
items: The dispensability problem of idealizations regarding the understanding of physical phenomena
items: Alterity versus Coexistence in the Early Work of Jean-Paul Sartre and Maurice Merleau-Ponty
items: Micropolitics: A Concatenation of Dispositifs
items: Liberalism, an Ideology
items: Jordi Maiso. Desde la vida dañada. La teoría crítica de Theodor W. Adorno. Madrid: Siglo XXI de España Editores, 2022. ISBN: 978-84-323-2040-8
items: Evocar / Sin jerarquía
items: Philautía, Self-Love, and Self-Help in Contemporary Times: Self-Love Is Not Love
items: Kant’s spatialization of time. A bergsonian perspective
items: Reflexivity and Self-Knowledge in Aristotle
items: Epistemology and Relativism in Wittgenstein: A Reading of On Certainty
items: Why Philosophy?
items: Descartes’ Demon–More Powerful and Virtuous than God?
items: The issue of space and the city in Akira by Katsuhiro Ôtomo
items: Theo(geo)logy. Planetary historicity and natural antiquities in the Baroque
items: Organic Society and degenerative inheritance in the Naturalism of Émile Zola
items: The transcendental necessity of the body. The second theorem (§3) in Fichte’s natural rights
items: The algebraic theory of propositions and belief reports
items: Ortega y Gasset. Acerca de nuestro tiempo
items: The Statiscal Nature of Causation

Ciencia y filosofía: una relación de amor–odio
type: item
description: Traducción del inglés de Gabriel Donoso Umaña Este texto fue publicado en 2020 en Foundations of Science, 25(2), 297–314. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10699-019-09619-2
subject: Translations
  topic: section
creator: Sebastian De Haro
creator: Gabriel Donoso Umaña
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sebastian De Haro; Gabriel Donoso Umaña https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-28
publication date: 2025-12-28
starting page: 197
ending page: 229
doi: 10.53382/issn.2735-6140.128

De una novela a otra. Denis de Rougemont y René Girard
type: item
description: Traducción del francés de Andrés Moreno Saldaña Este texto fue publicado en 2019 en Études de lettres, 311, 147–162. https://doi.org/10.4000/edl.1880
subject: Translations
  topic: section
creator: Benjamin Mercerat
creator: Andrés Moreno Saldaña
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Benjamin Mercerat; Andrés Moreno Saldaña https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-28
publication date: 2025-12-28
starting page: 179
ending page: 196
doi: 10.53382/issn.2735-6140.127

Interview with Natalia Sabater: Ethics, Imagination, and Happiness in Spinoza
type: item
subject: Documents
  topic: section
creator: Andrés Contreras Díaz
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Andrés Contreras Díaz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-28
publication date: 2025-12-28
starting page: 160
ending page: 178
doi: 10.53382/issn.2735-6140.126

On the Concept of Truth in the Young Heidegger: a Reorientation toward Factic Life (faktisches Leben)
type: item
description: The question of truth in Heidegger is as suggestive as it is problematic, and its interpretation has given rise to extensive debate in contemporary scholarship. In particular, this debate has sought to determine whether the Heideggerian notion of truth can ground a theory of knowledge or a rigorous science (strenge Wissenschaft), or whether it ultimately leads to a kind of philosophical meaninglessness. Nevertheless, it becomes necessary to investigate the thesis that, in the philosopher’s early writings, truth is understood above all as a phenomenon bound to the manifestation of human life, rather than primarily as a logical-epistemic concept separated from the subject’s lived experience. Within this framework, truth is situated in the experiential and practical domain of factical life (faktisches Leben). From this perspective, the analysis focuses on Heidegger’s early period, since it is there that the core of the connection between truth and factical life is constituted. His sustained dialogue with value theory, logic, Neo-Kantianism (especially that of his teacher Rickert) and the emerging Husserlian phenomenology provides the conceptual background that makes such a connection possible. Methodologically, the early courses and writings delivered in Freiburg and Marburg between 1919 and 1926 are examined in order to reconstruct the way in which the young Heidegger characterizes truth from the standpoint of facticity and, in doing so, prepares the path toward Sein und Zeit (1927). This reconduction of the concept of truth to factical life allows for a more precise understanding of the initial architecture of Heidegger’s thought and shows how his early reflection on truth anticipates decisive developments in his later philosophical project. Thus, it becomes evident that the concept of truth already plays a decisive role in his early thinking and that its study cannot be confined solely to the period following the Kehre, that is, after Sein und Zeit in the early 1930…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: truth
  topic: keywords
subject: logic
  topic: keywords
subject: factic life
  topic: keywords
subject: phenomenology
  topic: keywords
subject: young Heidegger
  topic: keywords
creator: Javier Mora Casanueva
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Javier Mora Casanueva https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-28
publication date: 2025-12-28
starting page: 128
ending page: 159
doi: 10.53382/issn.2735-6140.125

From Democracy to Infocracy: Consequences of Information Capitalism from the Perspective of Byung-Chul Han
type: item
description: The notion of infocracy, coined by Byung-Chul Han, provides an interpretive framework for elucidating the structural transformation of contemporary democracy. Under this new regime, dominated by information capitalism, the political, ethical, and communicative foundations of social life are profoundly reconfigured. Power no longer operates primarily through coercion, but through seduction and self-subjugation, producing an invisible form of domination that erodes the political community. From this perspective, it can be argued that informational saturation, digital immediacy, and the emotionalization of public discourse have weakened listening, reflection, and the very possibility of dialogue, giving rise to a palliative post-democracy characterized by fragmentation, dispersion, and collective exhaustion. On the basis of this diagnosis, insights from Shoshana Zuboff and Sara Ahmed are incorporated in order to expand the conceptualization of digital power and the political dimension of affects. With this aim, the paper presents Han’s proposal for a form of resistance grounded in the recovery of vita contemplativa, silence, and listening, understood as political practices oriented toward restoring attention, alterity, and the care of the common. Finally, it is argued that the revitalization of democracy in the age of infocracy requires not only a transformation of subjectivity, but also systemic and institutional struggles aimed at reconstructing the political community as a space of care, deliberation, and shared thought.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Democracy
  topic: keywords
subject: infocracy
  topic: keywords
subject: capitalism
  topic: keywords
subject: information
  topic: keywords
subject: Byung-Chul Han
  topic: keywords
creator: Boris Saavedra Pérez
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Boris Saavedra Pérez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-28
publication date: 2025-12-28
starting page: 100
ending page: 127
doi: 10.53382/issn.2735-6140.124

Ryle’s Unfair Criticism of Collingwood’s Notion of Understanding
type: item
description: In the context of 20th-century philosophical discussions on the nature of the mind, intelligence, and understanding, divergent conceptions about the explanatory status of mental phenomena have become established. Within this framework, Gilbert Ryle developed a non-intellectualist conception of understanding as a form of know-how, according to which understanding consists primarily in the possession and manifestation of capacities and dispositions that can be evaluated according to the performance of the action. From this perspective, Ryle, especially in The Concept of Mind, formulated a systematic critique of intellectualism and introspective and idealistic conceptions of action. The problem that structures the research consists of determining whether some of these criticisms can be understood as specifically directed at Collingwood's conception of historical understanding. The thesis defended argues that Ryle's notion of understanding provides the conceptual framework from which criticisms are articulated that come into direct tension with R. G. Collingwood's theory of understanding as re-experiencing past thought. To support this thesis, Ryle's conception of understanding as know-how and his critique of the intellectualist explanation of intelligent action are reconstructed, his treatment of dispositional predicates and ordinary language is analyzed, and these elements are contrasted with the epistemological and ontological commitments implicit in Collingwood's conception of historical understanding.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ryle
  topic: keywords
subject: Collingwood
  topic: keywords
subject: know how
  topic: keywords
subject: understanding
  topic: keywords
subject: re-enactment
  topic: keywords
creator: Michel Muñoz Vargas
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Michel Muñoz Vargas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-28
publication date: 2025-12-28
starting page: 76
ending page: 99
doi: 10.53382/issn.2735-6140.123

Pain, Suicide, and the Understanding of Suffering: a Philosophical-Psychological Reading of Takopi no Genzai (Takopi’s Original Sin)
type: item
description: In recent decades, anime has become a privileged medium for exploring suffering, pain, and suicide within societies characterized by individualism, performance, and commodified emotions. In this context, Takopi no Genzai (Takopi's Original Sin) offers a radically raw depiction of physical and psychological violence, systematic abuse, and the search for familial validation, particularly as embodied in the experience of its protagonist, Shizuka. This article proposes a hermeneutic-philosophical reading with a critical-cultural and interdisciplinary perspective, primarily drawing on the thought of Schopenhauer, in dialogue with Nietzsche, Mainländer, and Cioran, to interpret the dynamics of suffering and the subjective construction of happiness and pain. Methodologically, a textual and conceptual analysis of the anime is developed, focusing on specific scenes and the formation of Shizuka's affective and familial bonds, to show how her subjectivity is constituted under logics of violence, guilt, and school abuse. From these philosophical frameworks, suffering is understood not as a mere biographical accident or an isolated clinical maladjustment, but as a constitutive dimension of existence that resists the imperatives of positivity and well-being prevalent in contemporary societies. Thus, it can be argued that Shizuka's life embodies a form of tragic subjective autonomy, where the affirmation or negation of existence is contested in tension with the emotional and symbolic frameworks through which consumer society regulates and guides positive affective experience.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: suicide
  topic: keywords
subject: philosophy
  topic: keywords
subject: psychology
  topic: keywords
subject: anime
  topic: keywords
subject: suffering
  topic: keywords
creator: Marcelo Andrés Hernández Morales
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Marcelo Andrés Hernández Morales https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-28
publication date: 2025-12-28
starting page: 54
ending page: 75
doi: 10.53382/issn.2735-6140.122

Between Indifference and Spontaneity. Brief Reflection on the Relationship between Knowledge and Freedom in the Cartesian Theory of Error
type: item
description: The aim of this investigation resides in the attempt to build an interpretation of Cartesian theory of error from the Fourth Meditation that is consistent with certain passages in his work, which suggest that he falls into certain contradictions prompted by his conception of freedom. First, it will be argued that, based on the distinction between the freedom of indifference and the freedom of spontaneity, Descartes adheres to a form of moral intellectualism, insofar as he considers it impossible for someone to choose the worse course of action when the better is clearly known. This position will then be contrasted with specific passages from Descartes’ correspondence with Mersenne and Mesland, where he appears to suggest that the power of our will is such that, even in the face of clear and evident reasons, it is capable of directing itself in the opposite direction. This would seem to compromise his intellectualist conception by opening the door to the phenomenon of akrasia. Finally, an argumentation will be presented that aims to show that the type of akrasia Descartes has in mind in these passages from his correspondence does not correspond to strictly akratic actions or beliefs, but rather is always cloaked in a form of self-deception. If so this is the case, then it is possible to reconcile this phenomenon with the intellectualism maintained in the Fourth Meditation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Intellect
  topic: keywords
subject: will
  topic: keywords
subject: judgement
  topic: keywords
subject: self-deception
  topic: keywords
subject: akrasia
  topic: keywords
creator: Álvaro Urrutia Soto
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Álvaro Urrutia Soto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-28
publication date: 2025-12-28
starting page: 28
ending page: 53
doi: 10.53382/issn.2735-6140.121

The Role of the State in Adela Cortina’s Social Liberalism: a Libertarian Critique of the State of Justice
type: item
description: From a libertarian perspective, this work offers a critical analysis of Adela Cortina’s proposal of the State of Justice within the framework of social liberalism. This approach seeks to harmonize principles of classical liberalism, such as negative liberty and the rule of law, with demands for distributive justice inspired by Rawls and Sen, while avoiding the paternalism of the welfare state through a civic ethic of minimal consensus and the promotion of civic solidarity. However, the resulting configuration preserves a high degree of state interventionism. Drawing on the arguments of Hayek, Nozick, de Jasay, and Huerta de Soto, both the moral legitimacy and practical effectiveness of a state charged with redistributing resources and guaranteeing material opportunities are called into question. It is argued that solidarity imposed through legal means undermines individual moral agency, that redistributive policies tend to weaken personal responsibility, and that the expansion of public power, even when ethically motivated, fosters bureaucratization, corruption, and the erosion of freedom. The text also critically examines Cortina’s openness to a global authority aimed at securing justice, highlighting its implications for the principle of subsidiarity, cultural diversity, and democratic accountability. In contrast, it is defended that a free and just society must emerge from voluntary and decentralized cooperation within a framework of uncompromising respect for individual rights.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: State of Justice
  topic: keywords
subject: social liberalism
  topic: keywords
subject: libertarianism
  topic: keywords
subject: distributive justice
  topic: keywords
subject: individual rights
  topic: keywords
creator: Nicolás Fuentes-Valdebenito
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nicolás Fuentes-Valdebenito https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-28
publication date: 2025-12-28
starting page: 1
ending page: 27
doi: 10.53382/issn.2735-6140.120

Ursula K. Le Guin. El nombre del mundo es bosque. Traducido por Matilde Horne. Minotauro, 2023. ISBN: 978-84-450-1457-8
type: item
subject: Reviews
  topic: section
creator: Felipe Sepúlveda Barrios
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Felipe Sepúlveda Barrios https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-07-30
publication date: 2025-07-30
starting page: 128
ending page: 136
doi: 10.53382/issn.2735-6140.117

Counterpart Theory and Quantified Modal Logic
type: item
description: Traducción del inglés de Esteban Echaniz Publicado originalmente el 7 de marzo de 1968 en The Journal of Philosophy, LXV(5), 113-126.
subject: Translations
  topic: section
creator: David Kellog Lewis
creator: Esteban Echaniz
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 David Kellog Lewis; Esteban Echaniz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-07-30
publication date: 2025-07-30
starting page: 109
ending page: 127
doi: 10.53382/issn.2735-6140.116

The dispensability problem of idealizations regarding the understanding of physical phenomena
type: item
description: The debate about scientific understanding has been relevant in the literature of philosophy of science in the last few years. The debate arises over the basis of the received view of understanding that proposes that understanding is a kind of knowledge (Khalifa, 2017, p. 154). In this context, the problem of felicitous falsehoods is presented: inaccurate misrepresentations whose inaccuracy does not abate their epistemic function to understanding phenomena (Elgin, 2017, p. 3). Scientific practice uses idealizations to understand complex phenomena; hence, they are necessary to study the target phenomenon. Nonetheless, there are some proposals in the literature that hold that, despite this, our understanding is factive. Therefore, idealizations are problematic since understanding cannot be based on misrepresentations if understanding is a kind of knowledge. In this paper, I present three factivist replies to the problem regarding the use of idealizations. Nevertheless, these replies assume the dispensability of idealization, a problematic trait since there are cases in which the idealization involved is indispensable to understanding the phenomenon. I employ, as an example, the case of the Nuclear Shell Model used to explain the stability of magic numbers. Factivist replies reduce the idealizations' role to mere convenience; however, the NSM’s idealization cannot be reduced in that way since it is required to understand the phenomenon. The paper aims to expose the problem of assuming a priori the idealizations' dispensability, ignoring their contribution and permeability in that way.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Scientific Understanding
  topic: keywords
subject: Factive/Non-Factive
  topic: keywords
subject: Factivism/Non-Factivism
  topic: keywords
subject: Idealizations
  topic: keywords
subject: Dispensability assumption
  topic: keywords
creator: Nibaldo Lorca Améstica
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nibaldo Lorca Améstica https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-07-30
publication date: 2025-07-30
starting page: 76
ending page: 108
doi: 10.53382/issn.2735-6140.115

Alterity versus Coexistence in the Early Work of Jean-Paul Sartre and Maurice Merleau-Ponty
type: item
description: This paper examines the possibility of coexistence (Mitsein) within the framework of Jean-Paul Sartre’s philosophy in Being and Nothingness, engaging in a critical dialogue with the Merleau-Pontian interpretation that denies such a possibility. The research revolves around a central question: Is the fundamental relation with the other an experience of alterity or of coexistence? Against Merleau-Ponty’s thesis—which posits coexistence as an originary phenomenon and reduces the Sartrean perspective to a secondary fact—we argue that Sartre integrates the communal dimension without abandoning the ontological primacy of alterity. To this end, three conceptual axes are examined: (1) the structural function of the look in the constitution of being-for-others; (2) Merleau-Ponty’s critique, which privileges a background of coexistence over alterity; and (3) Sartre’s notion of the “we-subject” as a psychological experience of community. In this way, we show that Sartre does indeed offer a theory of coexistence, though conceived as a fragile and secondary phenomenon. This allows us to reconsider the Sartre/Merleau-Ponty opposition not as a simple incompatibility, but as two antagonistic responses to the same question: Is alterity or coexistence the originary condition of my encounter with the other?
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sartre
  topic: keywords
subject: Merleau-Ponty
  topic: keywords
subject: coexistence
  topic: keywords
subject: alterity
  topic: keywords
subject: intersubjectivity
  topic: keywords
creator: Francisca Hill Grez
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Francisca Hill Grez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-07-30
publication date: 2025-07-30
starting page: 51
ending page: 75
doi: 10.53382/issn.2735-6140.114

Micropolitics: A Concatenation of Dispositifs
type: item
description: The configuration of the concept of ‘micropolitics’ in the work of Argentine psychiatrist Marcelo Pakman is fundamental to understanding his thesis, according to which it is constituted as a concatenation of dispositifs in the sense proposed by Foucault. This is of vital importance when it comes to clarifying both the philosophical lineage of the concept and its psychotherapeutic implications. Thus, it will be understood that the subject is the product of micropolitical influence while simultaneously reproducing that influence in a recursive circular movement, understood as an organized process. All of this will demonstrate that the subject is also an active agent in the constitution of micropolitics. Thus, the presentation will begin with a brief introduction to the concept of micropolitics, along with its four constitutive moments, namely: social imaginary, knowledge, power, and subject. Then, the concept of dispositifs will be explained, and finally, the micropolitical constitution of subjectivity will be presented as a recursive process.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: micropolitics
  topic: keywords
subject: power
  topic: keywords
subject: subject
  topic: keywords
subject: knowledge
  topic: keywords
subject: dispositifs
  topic: keywords
creator: Gonzalo Andrés Correa Rivera
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Gonzalo Andrés Correa Rivera https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-07-30
publication date: 2025-07-30
starting page: 25
ending page: 50
doi: 10.53382/issn.2735-6140.113

Liberalism, an Ideology
type: item
description: Contemporary literature has highlighted various shortcomings that liberalism—in its specifically philosophical formulation—suffers from when attempting to understand its own exceptional status as a historically situated reality within modernity. Added to this is the fact that the self-understanding professed by the liberal community –i.e., the reconstruction of the tradition that is said to have shaped it over the past centuries- is deeply affected by a kind of selective memory or historical myopia. However, none of these critiques seem particularly useful for an approach that aims to be normative—that is, for an assessment that seeks to philosophically evaluate the credentials of liberalism as a justification for our so-called “liberal” institutions. If we wish to undertake such an assessment, we must connect the acknowledgment of the anomalies within liberal historical consciousness to a philosophical argument of deeper scope. In this sense, the aim of this paper is twofold: (i) to present both deficiencies as “symptoms of the same illness,” namely, the lack of historical consciousness that is constitutive of liberalism, and (ii) to suggest that both deficiencies (and, along with them, liberal anti-historicism) can be challenged—from a strictly philosophical standpoint—if we contextualize them within the framework of so-called Ideologiekritik, a philosophical “program” that possesses the minimal resources required to outline a normative critique of liberalism, understood, in this case, as an ideology.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ideology
  topic: keywords
subject: Liberalism
  topic: keywords
subject: Critic Theory
  topic: keywords
subject: normativity
  topic: keywords
subject: Ideologiekritik
  topic: keywords
creator: Juan Andrés Vargas Cartajena
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Juan Andrés Vargas Cartajena https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-07-30
publication date: 2025-07-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 24
doi: 10.53382/issn.2735-6140.112

Jordi Maiso. Desde la vida dañada. La teoría crítica de Theodor W. Adorno. Madrid: Siglo XXI de España Editores, 2022. ISBN: 978-84-323-2040-8
type: item
subject: Reviews
  topic: section
creator: Andrés Romero Pérez
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Andrés Romero Pérez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-12-25
publication date: 2024-12-25
starting page: 128
ending page: 137
doi: 10.53382/issn.2735-6140.109

Evocar / Sin jerarquía
type: item
description: Traducción del francés de Jorge Acevedo Guerra Publicado originalmente en: Fédier, F. (1995b). Regarder Voir. Les Belles Lettres / Archimbaud.
subject: Translations
  topic: section
creator: François Fédier
creator: Jorge Acevedo Guerra
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 François Fédier; Jorge Acevedo Guerra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-12-25
publication date: 2024-12-25
starting page: 101
ending page: 127
doi: 10.53382/issn.2735-6140.108

Philautía, Self-Love, and Self-Help in Contemporary Times: Self-Love Is Not Love
type: item
description: The study examines the evolution of the concept of self-love in contemporary society, contrasting it with the perspectives of Aristotle and Jean-Luc Marion. Aristotle distinguishes between a virtuous self-love, aligned with virtue and the common good, and a vicious one, marked by selfishness. Marion, on the other hand, offers a radical contrast, viewing love as a saturated phenomenon that transcends the subject and is oriented towards otherness, challenging the notion of self-referential or self-love. The article highlights how modern narratives, influenced by positive psychology and self-help culture, have transformed selflove into a tool for self-satisfaction, disconnected from its ethical and communal dimension, which in turn affects human relationships and social cohesion. The research uses a hermeneutic exegetical approach to explore how both philosophical frameworks can contribute to a deeper understanding of self-love, emphasizing the need to reevaluate this concept in the context of current social dynamics.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: philautía
  topic: keywords
subject: otherness
  topic: keywords
subject: donation
  topic: keywords
subject: Aristotle
  topic: keywords
subject: Jean-Luc Marion
  topic: keywords
creator: Ignacio Alarcón
creator: Francisco Novoa-Rojas
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ignacio Alarcón, Francisco Novoa-Rojas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-12-25
publication date: 2024-12-25
starting page: 76
ending page: 100
doi: 10.53382/issn.2735-6140.107

Kant’s spatialization of time. A bergsonian perspective
type: item
description: The criticism that Bergson addresses to Kant is well known, even if only superficially: Kant “spatialized” time, understood it in terms of space losing sight of real time, “durée”. Sadly, as if the validity of his criticism were self-evident, or as if its comprobation were left as some sort of exercise for the reader, Bergson never wrote a rigorous study of the Critique of Pure Reason. The only way to carry out such a comprobation must consist in an analysis of Kant’s text. Is the first Critic really guilty of “spatializing” time? If so, how and why does it do it? And what are the repercussions that stem from it? To answer these questions it turns necessary to read the Transcendental Aesthetic and Analytic from a Bergsonian perspective in an attempt to discover just to what extent -taking into account the arguments of Kant himself- the criticism of Bergson holds true.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: space
  topic: keywords
subject: time
  topic: keywords
subject: Bergson
  topic: keywords
subject: Kant
  topic: keywords
subject: intuition
  topic: keywords
creator: Juan Negrete Castañeda
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Juan Negrete Castañeda https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-12-25
publication date: 2024-12-25
starting page: 47
ending page: 75
doi: 10.53382/issn.2735-6140.106

Reflexivity and Self-Knowledge in Aristotle
type: item
description: From ancient times to the present day, self-knowledge has been understood on the basis of a particular model of reflexivity that goes back to Aristotle’s description of the type of activity that divinity essentially carries out. However, little attention has been paid to the fact that the self-knowledge that corresponds to God is not extended, due to the self-referentiality that it involves, to human beings. Therefore, I will defend the thesis that, at least within the context of Aristotle’s philosophy, it is possible to find another model of self-knowledge that better fits the heteroreferential nature of human cognition. To that end, I will begin with some introductory considerations on the forms of reflexivity involved in each case. I will then analyze the central passages of Metaphysics and De anima in which Aristotle characterizes the kind of intellection that is proper to the being that is the object of theology as one based on the relation of identity, and then contrast them with various statements in his Ethics where otherness is highlighted as the distinctive note of human cognitive acts. From this, I will conclude by distinguishing two senses in which self-knowledge can be understood in Aristotle: either as “intellective self-knowledge” or as “relational self-knowledge”.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Self-knowledge
  topic: keywords
creator: Luciano Garófalo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Luciano Garófalo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-12-25
publication date: 2024-12-25
starting page: 29
ending page: 46
doi: 10.53382/issn.2735-6140.105

Epistemology and Relativism in Wittgenstein: A Reading of On Certainty
type: item
description: In the literature concerning Wittgenstein’s later philosophy, there has been extensive debate on whether his ideas endorse epistemic relativism. For this reason, it is necessary to examine to what extent his work, particularly On Certainty, upholds a relativistic stance, defined by the dependency of beliefs and their justification on a specific epistemic system. Through a review of his theses on justification, epistemic systems, and hinge beliefs, it is argued that Wittgenstein rejects absolute foundationalism and, although he acknowledges the variability and dependency of systems, does not subscribe to an equivalence between them. Ultimately, the text concludes that Wittgenstein offers a moderate epistemic relativism that dismisses the possibility of rationally resolving disagreements between incompatible systems. Nevertheless, his anti-foundationalism does not lead to radical skepticism; rather, it clarifies the effective operation of our epistemic practices, suggesting that beliefs can be justified within their own context without the need for universal validation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: epistemic relativism
  topic: keywords
subject: Wittgenstein
  topic: keywords
subject: epistemic systems
  topic: keywords
subject: justification
  topic: keywords
subject: skepticism
  topic: keywords
creator: Sebastián Nicolás Vargas Rodríguez
creator: Gabriel Ignacio Salas Candia
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sebastián Nicolás Vargas Rodríguez, Gabriel Ignacio Salas Candia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-12-25
publication date: 2024-12-25
starting page: 1
ending page: 28
doi: 10.53382/issn.2735-6140.91

Why Philosophy?
type: item
subject: Translations
  topic: section
creator: Francisco Castro
creator: Kenneth A. Taylor
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Francisco Castro; Dr. Kenneth A. Taylor https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-07-25
publication date: 2024-07-25
starting page: 147
ending page: 155
doi: 10.53382/issn.2735-6140.82

Descartes’ Demon–More Powerful and Virtuous than God?
type: item
subject: Translations
  topic: section
creator: Leandro Abel Cuellar
creator: Joshua Hall
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Leandro Abel Cuellar; Dr. Joshua Hall https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-07-25
publication date: 2024-07-25
starting page: 130
ending page: 146
doi: 10.53382/issn.2735-6140.81

The issue of space and the city in Akira by Katsuhiro Ôtomo
type: item
subject: Essay
  topic: section
creator: Franco Casoni
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Franco Casoni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-07-25
publication date: 2024-07-25
starting page: 111
ending page: 129
doi: 10.53382/issn.2735-6140.80

Theo(geo)logy. Planetary historicity and natural antiquities in the Baroque
type: item
description: The article aims to problematize the relationship between theology and geology in the speculative natural philosophy of the seventeenth century. In particular, the article investigates the philosophical impact of the emergence of the deep time of the Earth and the appearance of material ruins –fossils– that transformed the way of conceiving planetary historicity. Therefore, one of the contributions consists of showing how the geological revolution that took place in the Baroque transformed the metaphysics of human time by modifying the terrestrial scales: a change from thousands of years according to the biblical theory of time to billions of years from the emergence of geology. The conjecture being tested is the epistemological continuity between theology and natural science in the Seventeenth Century, as some theologians and philosophers chose as a philosophical enterprise to explain empirically some assumptions of Christian Theology, whose ultimate aim is to prove how God proceeds according to natural causes. The novelty of the article, then, is to explain the emergence of geology from the philosophical theories and theological arguments of some baroque thinkers, in particular the Anglican theologian Thomas Brunet and the German Jesuit Athanasius Kircher.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Baroque
  topic: keywords
subject: Deep Time
  topic: keywords
subject: Earth History
  topic: keywords
subject: Fossils
  topic: keywords
subject: Flood
  topic: keywords
creator: Ángel Octavio Álvarez Solis
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Ángel Octavio Álvarez Solis https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-07-25
publication date: 2024-07-25
starting page: 52
ending page: 84
doi: 10.53382/issn.2735-6140.79

Organic Society and degenerative inheritance in the Naturalism of Émile Zola
type: item
description: In the nineteenth century, the naturalism literature relied on medical physiology and topographical treatises to produce a discourse on the physical and cultural degeneration of society. One of the novelists who best explained the degenerative discourse in his literary corpus was Emile Zola; however, one of the hermeneutic problems underlying the French novelist's work is that there is no strict separation between the literary text, social medicine and the use of biological metaphors. A problem that Gilles Deleuze managed to detect through the concept of the “crevices”, but which does not explain how it is possible to think about deviant behavior without resorting to Freudian notions of the death instinct. For this reason, the main contribution of the article is an explanation of the concept of degenerative heritability without resorting to Freudian psychoanalysis and, on the contrary, to make explicit the scientific theories that support the concept of degeneration assumed in the naturalistic composition.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: naturalism
  topic: keywords
subject: degeneration
  topic: keywords
subject: crevices
  topic: keywords
subject: phisiology
  topic: keywords
subject: cartography
  topic: keywords
subject: Émile Zola
  topic: keywords
creator: Ingrid Sánchez Téllez
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Ingrid Sánchez Téllez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-07-25
publication date: 2024-07-25
starting page: 85
ending page: 110
doi: 10.53382/issn.2735-6140.77

The transcendental necessity of the body. The second theorem (§3) in Fichte’s natural rights
type: item
description: The aim of this research is to return to the now famous second theorem that Fichte expounds in his Foundations of Natural Right of 1796, specifically to how exhortation is introduced as the foundation of intersubjectivity. According to certain positions, such as Honneth's, the doctrine of exhortation would fail to justify intersubjective relations as a transcendental condition for the constitution of self-consciousness. Because of this, it seems difficult to situate Fichte as the progenitor of the intersubjectivist tradition. However, it will be argued that this argument can be salvaged if 1) one reevaluates Fichte's transcendental method as distinct from that expounded by Kant, 2) one shows that in fact the second theorem resolves a contradiction put by Fichte in the first two paragraphs, and 3) if one completes the argument of the exhortation with the development made of corporeality in the second part of the treatise. With this, it will be possible to realize that the argument of the exhortation manages to be completed through the pre-reflective recognition of a human figure (Menschliche Gestalt) that Fichte puts as a transcendental condition of the recognition of a rational being.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Intersubjectivity
  topic: keywords
subject: human body
  topic: keywords
subject: exhortation
  topic: keywords
subject: Fichte
  topic: keywords
subject: Honneth
  topic: keywords
creator: Feyie Ferrán Pizarro
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Feyie Ferrán Pizarro https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-07-25
publication date: 2024-07-25
starting page: 29
ending page: 51
doi: 10.53382/issn.2735-6140.76

The algebraic theory of propositions and belief reports
type: item
description: Intensional contexts are those contexts in which the principle of substitution of co-referential terms salva veritate fails. A particular case within these contexts are reports of propositional attitudes, that is, contexts in which relations expressed by transitive intensional verbs (“believes”, “doubts”) link an agent and a proposition. Traditional conceptions that reduce propositions to possible worlds have failed to account for these contexts because they posit coarse grained identity conditions. This has been one of the motivations for the formulation of algebraic theories of properties, relations and propositions. The objective of this work is to explain how this theory accounts for these failures. According to these conceptions, propositions are 0-adic properties that appear as elements within intensional algebraic systems. The identity conditions of propositions are determined by their constituents and the structure imposed by algebraic operations. It is argued that algebraic theories cannot accommodate belief reports by appealing only the structures of propositions, so it is necessary to complement the theory with modes of presentation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: intensional contexts
  topic: keywords
subject: propositions
  topic: keywords
subject: identity conditions
  topic: keywords
subject: modes of presentation
  topic: keywords
subject: operations
  topic: keywords
creator: Felipe Carrasco Figueroa
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Felipe Carrasco Figueroa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-07-25
publication date: 2024-07-25
starting page: 1
ending page: 28
doi: 10.53382/issn.2735-6140.75

Ortega y Gasset. Acerca de nuestro tiempo
type: item
subject: Editorial
  topic: section
creator: Jorge Acevedo Guerra
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Jorge Acevedo Guerra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-07-25
publication date: 2024-07-25
starting page: i
ending page: v
doi: 10.53382/issn.2735-6140.74

The Statiscal Nature of Causation
type: item
description: Traducción del inglés de Natalia Sohee Chung Park https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9188-210X Este trabajo reciente de David Papineau retoma el proyecto de la exacta relación entre las correlaciones estadísticas y la causalidad desde un análisis a posteriori acerca de naturaleza de la causalidad. Da cuenta del comportamiento estadístico de la causalidad y propone un enfoque y método reduccionista nuevo para abordar la causalidad, entre sus ventajas, la capacidad de responder acerca de la asimetría temporal entre causa y efecto, explicar la discrepancia entre causalidad y causalidad caso–particular (singular–case causation), y entre otros problemas que típicamente se enfrentan los enfoques y métodos tradicionales de inferencias causales o modelamiento de estructuras determinísticas causales. La importancia de este trabajo filosófico radica en la continuación del proyecto del uso de ecuaciones estructurales determinísticas para hacer inferencias causales, su clara y rigurosa metodología, su aplicación a casos relevantes para explicar más acabadamente su teoría causal (uno de los casos siendo el de las correlaciones EPR), y su novedoso aporte a la estadística y a la metafísica de la causalidad. Este artículo fue publicado originalmente en: David Papineau, The Statistical Nature of Causation, The Monist, Volume 105, Issue 2, April 2022, Pages 247–275, https://doi.org/10.1093/monist/onab034
subject: Translations
  topic: section
creator: David Papineau
creator: Natalia Sohee Chung Park
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 David Papineau https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2023-12-25
publication date: 2023-12-25
starting page: 101
ending page: 148
doi: 10.53382/issn.2735-6140.66